Student Ramuel Mendoza Raagas | for Teaching Fellow Ron Newburgh, Ph.D. |
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Physics E-1b Electromagnetism | Pre-Lab for Experiment #4: Geometric Optics | Spring Term 2003 |
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Not every sneaking in of light within a narrow gap is a matter of wave optics. Diffraction is not the only goodie we get out of light's invaginazation into a teeney-weenie channel occupied only by ordinary air. Ray optics A camera need not have glass or similar solid substance for a lens. Although "camera" may be etymologically related to chamber, the light-tight-chamber is not necessarily `. My formula laterak magnification is 1_ maginification is heightimage / height of object ; The object is Height is measured not from a ground-up perspective, but as plying both ways perpendicularly to the spatial axis jutting from the pupil of my eye to infinity with orientation of such axis being the normal ray from
Light is a traveller. Its speed can't be . 2. Yep. What i'ms seeing is upsiode down, not in the way I had first thought where the pencil's triangular lead tip would face caudally while I hold it upright. The invertedness was achieved when the shadow of the pencil between pinhole and eye approached from the opposite lateral orientation from that out of which I was tugging the pencil from. ).
Whereas capacitance, as much as inductance, is a key player in the defense against current (reactance is what either provides--- the root of conjunction of two squares: the first being that of the twice-relevant resistance and the second being the mutually-disruptive reactance contributions angular-velocity-multiplied inductance and the inversely-resembling capacitance.
Our oscilloscope must be gently dial-steered to maintain the fine quality of a Four Volt peak-to-peak amplitude output.
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Frequency f (Hz) (in Hertz) | XL= | 2pfL | inductive reactance | |||
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0 Hertz | 0 Whms | |||||
1 Hertz | 6.3 micro-Whms | 10 Hz | 15,915 | 1x10n Hz n = non-negative integer/whole number between zero and six | 1.59155x105-n W | |
2 Hertz | 13 micro-W | 79,577 W (around eighty kilo-W Ohms | 20 Hz | 7,957.7 around eight kilo-W Ohms | 2x10n Hz | 7.9577x104-n W |
3 Hertz | 19 micro-W | thirty (30) Hz | 5,305.2 around five-point-three kilo-W Ohms | 3x10n Hz | 5.3052x104-n W | |
4 Hz | 25 mW | 40 Hz | 3978.9 W about four kiloW | 4x10n Hz | 3.9789x104-n W | |
5 Hz | 31 mW | W | ||||
6 Hz | 38 mW | |||||
7 Hz | 44 mW | |||||
8 Hz | 50 mW | |||||
9 Hz | 57 mW | 9x10n Hz | 5.7x10n-5 W |
When we refer to either a capacitor or an inductor as being a "short" for a certain orientation of frequency (as the kind of thing we get Urone's Figure 22.44(b), where the capacitor shorts out high frequencies from a left-hand "black-box" circuit to ground, so as to deprive them from getting to the right-hand circuit), we would like to think of the component as, in effect, causing a short circuit (as contrasted to an open circuit) dishing off to ground a certain quality of wave-frequqency being fed into a circuit in which it has been installed.
What a fuse is to current, a non-resistor reactance-component is to frequency, and yet inductors and capacitors are ministers of a taller order against frequency extremities when compared to the foot-soliders that are fuses, which are like bees that sting to kill audacious uprisings of current, only to themselves ending out used up.
Consulting Tipler (Chapter 31 Section 3 page 962 Volume 2, Physics, Freeman), we find that the capacitor is indeed a short for high frequencies. The inductor shorts out both direct current and low-frequency alternating currents. This summary goes well with calculations of reactance. A capacitor becomes an open (rather than short) circuit with low frequencies that bend the reactance calculation's denominator so low that the numerator's mere value of one can end up translating into great achievements of reactance--- making the capacitor a dead end to the alternating current.
10 Hertz | 15,915 like sixteen kiloohms | W Ohms |
200 Hz | 795.77 W | |
300 Hz | 530.52 W | |
400 Hz | 397.89 W |
1000 Hertz | W Ohms | |
10000 Hertz | W Ohms | |
100000 Hertz | W Ohms | |
10000000 Hertz | W Ohms |
100 Hertz | W Ohms | |
500 Hertz | W Ohms | |
1000 Hertz | W Ohms | |
10000 Hertz | W Ohms | |
100000 Hertz | W Ohms | |
10000000 Hertz | W Ohms |